Ancient

before 500 CE

• ThalesThales

  c. 624–546 BCE

• LaoziLaozi

  c. 571–471 BCE

• ConfuciusConfucius

  c. 551–479 BCE

• HeraclitusHeraclitus

  c. 535–475 BCE

• ParmenidesParmenides

  c. 515–450 BCE

• BuddhaSiddhartha Gautama

  the Buddha · c. 480–400 BCE

• SocratesSocrates

  c. 470–399 BCE

• MoziMozi

  c. 470–391 BCE

• PlatoPlato

  c. 428–348 BCE

• DiogenesDiogenes

  c. 412–323 BCE

• AristotleAristotle

  384–322 BCE

• MenciusMencius

  c. 372–289 BCE

• ZhuangziZhuangzi

  c. 369–286 BCE

• EpicurusEpicurus

  341–270 BCE

• ZenoZeno of Citium

  c. 334–262 BCE

• SenecaSeneca

  c. 4 BCE–65 CE

• EpictetusEpictetus

  c. 50–135 CE

• MarcusMarcus Aurelius

  121–180 CE

• NāgārjunaNāgārjuna

  c. 150–250 CE

• AugustineAugustine of Hippo

  354–430 CE

Medieval

500–1500

• BoethiusBoethius

  c. 477–524 CE

• ShankaraAdi Shankara

  c. 700–750 CE

• AvicennaAvicenna

  Ibn Sīnā · c. 980–1037

• Al-GhazaliAl-Ghazali

  c. 1058–1111

• AverroesAverroes

  Ibn Rushd · 1126–1198

• Zhu XiZhu Xi

  1130–1200

• MaimonidesMaimonides

  c. 1138–1204

• AquinasThomas Aquinas

  c. 1225–1274

• OckhamWilliam of Ockham

  c. 1287–1347

Early Modern

1500–1800

• MachiavelliNiccolò Machiavelli

  1469–1527

• Wang YangmingWang Yangming

  1472–1529

• MontaigneMichel de Montaigne

  1533–1592

• BaconFrancis Bacon

  1561–1626

• HobbesThomas Hobbes

  1588–1679

• DescartesRené Descartes

  1596–1650

• SpinozaBaruch Spinoza

  1632–1677

• LockeJohn Locke

  1632–1704

• LeibnizGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

  1646–1716

• BerkeleyGeorge Berkeley

  1685–1753

• HumeDavid Hume

  1711–1776

• RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau

  1712–1778

• KantImmanuel Kant

  1724–1804

• WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft

  1759–1797

Modern

1800–1900

• HegelG. W. F. Hegel

  1770–1831

• SchopenhauerArthur Schopenhauer

  1788–1860

• MillJohn Stuart Mill

  1806–1873

• KierkegaardSøren Kierkegaard

  1813–1855

• MarxKarl Marx

  1818–1883

• William JamesWilliam James

  1842–1910

• NietzscheFriedrich Nietzsche

  1844–1900

• FregeGottlob Frege

  1848–1925

Contemporary

1900–

• HusserlEdmund Husserl

  1859–1938

• RussellBertrand Russell

  1872–1970

• WittgensteinLudwig Wittgenstein

  1889–1951

• HeideggerMartin Heidegger

  1889–1976

• SartreJean-Paul Sartre

  1905–1980

• ArendtHannah Arendt

  1906–1975

• BeauvoirSimone de Beauvoir

  1908–1986

• QuineW. V. O. Quine

  1908–2000

• RawlsJohn Rawls

  1921–2002

• FoucaultMichel Foucault

  1926–1984