Ancient

before 500 CE

• 

  ThalesThales

  c. 624–546 BCE

• 

  LaoziLaozi

  c. 571–471 BCE

• 

  ConfuciusConfucius

  c. 551–479 BCE

• 

  HeraclitusHeraclitus

  c. 535–475 BCE

• 

  ParmenidesParmenides

  c. 515–450 BCE

• 

  BuddhaSiddhartha Gautama

  the Buddha · c. 480–400 BCE

• 

  SocratesSocrates

  c. 470–399 BCE

• 

  MoziMozi

  c. 470–391 BCE

• 

  PlatoPlato

  c. 428–348 BCE

• 

  DiogenesDiogenes

  c. 412–323 BCE

• 

  AristotleAristotle

  384–322 BCE

• 

  MenciusMencius

  c. 372–289 BCE

• 

  ZhuangziZhuangzi

  c. 369–286 BCE

• 

  EpicurusEpicurus

  341–270 BCE

• 

  ZenoZeno of Citium

  c. 334–262 BCE

• 

  SenecaSeneca

  c. 4 BCE–65 CE

• 

  EpictetusEpictetus

  c. 50–135 CE

• 

  MarcusMarcus Aurelius

  121–180 CE

• 

  NāgārjunaNāgārjuna

  c. 150–250 CE

• 

  AugustineAugustine of Hippo

  354–430 CE

Medieval

500–1500

• 

  BoethiusBoethius

  c. 477–524 CE

• 

  ShankaraAdi Shankara

  c. 700–750 CE

• 

  AvicennaAvicenna

  Ibn Sīnā · c. 980–1037

• 

  Al-GhazaliAl-Ghazali

  c. 1058–1111

• 

  AverroesAverroes

  Ibn Rushd · 1126–1198

• 

  Zhu XiZhu Xi

  1130–1200

• 

  MaimonidesMaimonides

  c. 1138–1204

• 

  AquinasThomas Aquinas

  c. 1225–1274

• 

  OckhamWilliam of Ockham

  c. 1287–1347

Early Modern

1500–1800

• 

  MachiavelliNiccolò Machiavelli

  1469–1527

• 

  Wang YangmingWang Yangming

  1472–1529

• 

  MontaigneMichel de Montaigne

  1533–1592

• 

  BaconFrancis Bacon

  1561–1626

• 

  HobbesThomas Hobbes

  1588–1679

• 

  DescartesRené Descartes

  1596–1650

• 

  SpinozaBaruch Spinoza

  1632–1677

• 

  LockeJohn Locke

  1632–1704

• 

  LeibnizGottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

  1646–1716

• 

  BerkeleyGeorge Berkeley

  1685–1753

• 

  HumeDavid Hume

  1711–1776

• 

  RousseauJean-Jacques Rousseau

  1712–1778

• 

  KantImmanuel Kant

  1724–1804

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  WollstonecraftMary Wollstonecraft

  1759–1797

Modern

1800–1900

• 

  HegelG. W. F. Hegel

  1770–1831

• 

  SchopenhauerArthur Schopenhauer

  1788–1860

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  MillJohn Stuart Mill

  1806–1873

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  KierkegaardSøren Kierkegaard

  1813–1855

• 

  MarxKarl Marx

  1818–1883

• 

  William JamesWilliam James

  1842–1910

• 

  NietzscheFriedrich Nietzsche

  1844–1900

• 

  FregeGottlob Frege

  1848–1925

Contemporary

1900–

• 

  HusserlEdmund Husserl

  1859–1938

• 

  RussellBertrand Russell

  1872–1970

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  WittgensteinLudwig Wittgenstein

  1889–1951

• 

  HeideggerMartin Heidegger

  1889–1976

• 

  SartreJean-Paul Sartre

  1905–1980

• 

  ArendtHannah Arendt

  1906–1975

• 

  BeauvoirSimone de Beauvoir

  1908–1986

• 

  QuineW. V. O. Quine

  1908–2000

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  RawlsJohn Rawls

  1921–2002

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  FoucaultMichel Foucault

  1926–1984